Formative feedback vs summative feedback?

• A. Formative feedback replaces tests; summative feedback is not used.
• B. Formative feedback guides ongoing learning; summative feedback evaluates learning after instruction.
• C. Formative feedback is only about behavior; summative feedback is about content.
• D. Formative feedback is used for final grading; summative feedback is given during instruction.

Answer: (B)

The main idea here is that feedback has different roles based on when it happens and what it’s meant to do. Formative feedback is about guiding learning as it happens—it's issued during instruction to help the learner improve the next step, adjust strategies, and stay on track. Summative feedback, on the other hand, is about evaluating what was learned after instruction has ended—summarizing achievement and often informing final grades or overall assessment.

This is why the best choice fits: it says formative feedback guides ongoing learning, while summative feedback evaluates learning after instruction. The other options mix up the purposes or timings: formative feedback isn’t simply a replacement for tests, and summative feedback isn’t something you use during instruction. Feedback isn’t strictly about behavior versus content, and final grading isn’t the domain of formative feedback.