In Kohlberg's model, which level describes morality defined by internalized universal principles?

• A. Preconventional
• B. Conventional
• C. Ethical Relativism
• D. Postconventional

Answer: (D)

This question targets the highest level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory, where morality is guided by internalized universal principles. At this stage, judgments are based on abstract notions like justice, human rights, and equality, and a person adheres to these principles even when they conflict with laws or social expectations. This principled reasoning moves beyond seeking reward or avoiding punishment (preconventional) and beyond conforming to social rules (conventional). Instead, it involves evaluating actions against universal ethical standards that transcend specific cultures or situations, sometimes including a social contract aspect and, at the most advanced level, universal principles. That’s why this describes the postconventional level.