What does inferential statistics allow researchers to do?

• A. Generalize from sample to population.
• B. Describe the data set.
• C. Compute the mode of distribution.
• D. Determine data collection methods.

Answer: (A)

Inferential statistics lets researchers generalize from a sample to a population by using probability theory to make inferences about population parameters based on sample data. Because you can’t measure everyone, you rely on a random sample to estimate things like the population mean or proportion, and you attach a measure of uncertainty—such as a confidence interval or a p-value—to express how confident you are in that estimate. This ability to go beyond the collected data and say something about a larger group is what sets inferential statistics apart from simply describing the data you have.

Describing the data set focuses on its features within the sample itself (like the average value or the spread). Computing the mode is a descriptive measure of central tendency. Determining data collection methods relates to study design rather than making inferences about a population.