What is the main difference between norm-referenced grading and criterion-based grading?

• A. Norm-referenced grading compares a student to peers; criterion-based grading reflects achievement against standards.
• B. Norm-referenced grading reflects achievement against standards; criterion-based grading compares to peers.
• C. Both systems use the same basis for comparison.
• D. Criterion-based grading ignores established standards.

Answer: (A)

The main distinction is what each system uses as the benchmark. Norm-referenced grading measures a student’s performance relative to peers, ranking or comparing students with each other. Criterion-based grading, on the other hand, assesses whether a student has achieved predefined standards or learning targets, focusing on mastery of specific outcomes rather than how classmates did. That’s why this option is the best: it correctly states that norm-referenced grading compares to peers and criterion-based grading reflects achievement against standards. The other ideas mix up the reference points or falsely claim that criterion-based grading ignores standards or that both systems use the same basis for comparison.