Which level of Kohlberg's theory is characterized by obedience to rules and avoidance of punishment?

• A. Conventional
• B. Postconventional
• C. Preconventional
• D. Universal Ethical Principles

Answer: (C)

This describes the preconventional stage of Kohlberg's theory. At this early level, moral reasoning is driven by external consequences rather than internalized principles. People judge actions as right or wrong based on whether they lead to punishment or reward, so obedience to rules and avoidance of punishment dominate behavior. As reasoning develops, the conventional stage shifts focus to conforming to social norms and gaining approval, and the postconventional stage moves toward abstract principles and universal ethics. The emphasis here is on simple, concrete consequences rather than on shared moral rules or deeper principles.