Who among the following believes that learning requires disciplined attention, regular homework and respect for legitimate authority?

• A. Progressivist
• B. Constructivist
• C. Social reconstructivist
• D. Essentialist

Answer: (D)

Identifying a traditional, teacher-centered approach is what this item tests. Disciplined attention, regular homework, and respect for legitimate authority reflect a belief in a stable body of essential knowledge taught through structured, authoritative instruction. That is the hallmark of the essentialist view, which emphasizes a back-to-basics curriculum, standardized standards, and orderly classroom management so students build foundational skills through routine and mastery.

Other educational philosophies emphasize different dynamics. Progressivists prioritize learning through inquiry, problem-solving, and student interests; constructivists focus on learners actively constructing knowledge through experience and collaboration; social reconstructivists aim to use education to address social issues and drive reform.